1.4 billion speakers of English
English is spoken as a second or foreign language by an estimated 950 million people worldwide (Saville-Troike, 2006). This is in addition to the 427 million native speakers of English. But how did the English language reach the stage where it is used and understood, to a greater or lesser extent, by more than 1 in 7 of the world’s population?
The first stage of the global spread of the English language was the result of the empire building of Britain, otherwise known as imperialism. The second stage was the result of the cultural, political and economic preeminence of the USA, otherwise known as neo-imperialism.
The British Empire
At its height in 1922, the British Empire was the largest in history, covering a quarter of the Earth’s land area, with a population of over 450 million people.
The British Empire, circa 1922 (image courtesy of WikiMedia)
The primary aim of education in the colonies became the acquisition of the English language, and the future academic and financial success of those living in colonized countries came to depend mainly on their English language ability (Phillipson, 1992).
After World War II, when the colonized countries started to gain independence, the English language maintained its influence by being selected as an official or national language by “leaders who were themselves the products of colonial education” (Phillipson, 1992, p.182).
These factors contributed to English becoming either the sole dominant language, or an official language, in over 75 territories with a combined population of over 2.2 billion people (Crystal, 1997).
The American Empire
On July 4th, 1776, thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard declared independence and founded the United States of America. The U.S. economy has since become the largest in the world, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world’s sole superpower.
The global reach of America’s cultural, political and economic influence has contributed significantly to bolstering the dominant position of the English language in the 20th and 21st centuries.
America has spawned a significant number of global musical influences, including Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley, Eminem, Madonna, and Bob Dylan. On a global stage, the economic and cultural dominance of Hollywood is unrivaled.
In the information age of the 21st century, a reported 45% of web-pages are written in English, a situation not hindered by the fact that 8 of the top 10 most visited websites in the world (as of Sept. 2012) are based in America.
The future?
In the 21st century, China is positioning itself to challenge America for the position of the number one economic power in the world, but whether this will translate to linguistic dominance remains to be seen.
Neither political, economic, cultural, technological nor military might alone can give one language international prominence. It takes a sustained combination of all these powers to achieve that. As a case in point, Japanese did not become a dominant language internationally (although it did increase in popularity), despite Japan’s incredible economic success from the 1960s to 1990s.
Having said this, linguistic world orders do change. English was preceded by Latin as the world’s dominant language, which was put in place by the Roman Empire and perpetuated by education and religion. But the days of Latin were cut short by the rise of the British and American empires described above.
It is theoretically possible that English itself will, at some future time, be succeeded by another language, promulgated by the economic, political and cultural might of its native speakers.
English belongs to everyone
The English language is now argued to belong to everyone who speaks it. Native speakers are said to have forfeited their right to exclusive ownership of English in a global context. Indeed, native speakers of English are outnumbered more than 2-to-1 by non-native speakers of the language. The fact that English now belongs to “everyone or to no-one” (Wardhaugh, 1987) would seem to imply that English will maintain its position as the global dominant language throughout the 21st Century and beyond.
Bibliography
- Crystal, David (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP.
- Phillipson, Robert (1992). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford, England: Oxford UP.
- Saville-Troike (2006), Muriel. Introducing Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP.
- Wardhaugh, Ronald (1987). Languages in Competition: Dominance, Diversity, and Decline. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell.
My point of view on English is mainly professional. We, in the French speaking business world are more and more confronted with the dominance of the English language. When I was stationed in Paris, we used English as a second language only for about 10% of our time. But when I moved to Brussels, also a French speaking town, the communication in English went up to 66%. That was quite an adaption for me. I am an engineer with specialised skills and my company wanted me to stay in Brussels. It offered me some private English lessons at the http://www.englishacademy.be and also an intensive full immersion English training. The results were OK, but I felt still disadvantaged when spreaking during meetings and writing in English.
Only a real commitment to speak English whenever the opportunity presented itself – not common for a French native speaker – I managed to become really fluent.
Judgement if this evolution is good or bad is besides the question. It is just a fact.
Great article!
When an Air India airline pilot flying into Germany requests permission to land in Stuttgart, he does so in English, not Hindi or even German.
English has able to withstand all storms while spreading across continents of the world mainly due to its flexible nature: it’s always ready to accommodate emerging trends in its system without delay. no end sight to this trend as long as American dominance in the world socio-political engagements continues.